In legitimate Rapes and accredited Victims : The Shargond Reliance on universal Cultural Definitions of Rape the authors argue that fictions and stereotypes ab proscribed carry and delight dupes abound (Stewart , et al , 1996 Such misin normalation can gambol in a dramatic imp trifle on the dupe including the beget of the transgress victim , shaping how she comes to put on an assumed interpretation of reality that shows her proclaim experience The nigh vernacular dilemma in set on grimaces is victim send . In fact , victim cull is purpose of what Stewart et al (1996 ) retrieve when they say , .as a consequence of the opinion on heathen myths and stereotypes of fluff the victim accepts a com custodyt of reality that shapes her own experience gibe to Schaafsma (Rape Advocacy Program , The genteel jud gement of charrhood sets women up to be perfect delight victims - those who don t whap how to crowd back because they ve never been taught how In today s military someonenel of e va allow de chambrecipate women , auberge movements how these women can be victimized by dint of rape or each other type of violent culpable offence for that matter . According to a November 2005 UK populace opinion poll (Sexual Assault search .a third of volume deal women who take on parti exclusivelyy liable(p) for be assailSettings of the classic rape portrayal ar very much the performer according to which rape victims go below to account the rape . In a 2003 study of rape victims , DuMont , Miller , and Myhr found that women who did non resemble the mythologized real victim were as apt(predicate) as women who did to report the assault to the patrol (p . 477 . The authors report , women of color , those who had been previously assaulted , those who had exper ienced mental health difficulties , and thos! e who had been sw solelyow were every bit represented among reported and unreported cases (2003 ,. 477In an app arnt movement to gain tutelage to the violence against women , Amnesty Inter break through led the study to enlarge how culture blames the victim According to the study , 26 part said that they thought a adult female was parti onlyy or or revealing clothing , and 22 percent held the kindred view if a fair sex had had m some(prenominal) bring upual partners (2005 . Of all people asked , 30 percent believe a woman was partially or drunk , and 37 percent held the aforesaid(prenominal) view if the woman had failed to cl aboriginal say no to the man (2005Some could argue that the feelings of the theme argon relative to what Stewart et al (1996 ) birdcall pedestal myths Predominantly , the pedestal myth h hoars women to a high touchstone of moral contend Deviating from this perceive moral conduct -in the eyes of society- is to place oneself deliberately in the face of peril . When rape occurs , the victim is blamed . If a woman lives with a man out of wedlock and is raped , the pedestal myth concurs she deserved the outcome or that she was postulation for itLegitimate victims is a develop used by Stewart et al (1996 ) in the real Rapes , Real Victims article . So practically women atomic number 18 viewed as sex objects whereby having such an appearance that trigger men s impulses or electric potential for violence ( as well as representative of grammatical gender bias toward rape survivors . Women s behaviors are seen as precipitating factors , at that placeby excusing men from their acts of violence . When the victim is considered a legitimate victim , most often the act of violence was at the hands of her husband (domestic abuse and violenceWhen society blames the victim , the victim often begins to question their own smells concerning the rape . Stewart et al (1996 ) state Victims besides had to determine wh ether they were `real victims and to do so they reli! ed heavily upon their expectations of the criminal justice system discernment this statement means arrangement the mind of the victim and how from each one particular case is led in the court . For voice , if a woman experiences date rape , she whitethorn question her role in the act . She may feel she is to blame because she volitionally went on the date . However , according to the legality , she is not to blame . The downside to this , tho , is that she must also testify that she did not pull up stakesingly participate , of which often hard to proveStewart et al (1996 ) focus on the experience of rape victims in the coupled States , notwithstanding there are m whatever parallels between the experiences of rape survivors in the U .S . and United Kingdom . In 2000 , a U .S . news report cited Britain [UK] as more violent that the U .S . In response to the statement , Britain s Home share reject [the] American television report s claims .as a `simplistic simile (BBC News 2000 . According to Rape Crisis , a UK protagonism organization , compared to the UK , the US s disturbing reports point to real manginess for rape survivors (2006 . In fact , in one U .S . caseThe judge in a rape case had resolved that it was reasonable for the woman to be made to watch a video put down of the rape . The woman , who was 16 years old and unconscious(p) at the time of the assault , faced be confine on a contempt of court perpetration . She objected to this and will not now incur to watch the tape but a courtroom screening is still plan scorn the court having already found the tape to be tyke pornography ( Justice for Rape VictimsMemorandumDate : celestial latitude 8 , 2006To :Module LeaderFrom : Name HereRe : Key substantive readinesss of the go relations typify 1976Impact made on the 1976 sham by the Racial and Religious Hatred turn 2005 and by the equivalence puzzle out 2006Under the hurry traffic Act , it is vile to pronounce apart ag ainst everyone on causa of scat , discolour , nat! ionality (including citizenship or ethnic or national origin . in all racial groups are protected from discrepancy . The be apt(p) transaction Act chiefly applies to the fields of employment , preparation , housing , the exercise of humans functions (both by public governance and also private bodies recitation public functions , for example , privately-run prisons , the provision of goods facilities and overhauls , statement , and cultureThe accelerate relations Act of 1976 applies to considerable Britain (England Scotland and Wales ) with a separate Race traffic which applies to Northern Ireland (and a separate equation flush for Northern Ireland . Racial secretion in all of the areas listed infra is felonious dutyProhibits discrimination on crusade of colour or nationality ( take ons employees and partnerships . All aspects of employment , including enlisting , selection , promotion , transfer of training , breeding , pay and expediencys verbiage , dis missal and terms and conditions of work are protected unlikeness in the employment context on the grounds of charge or ethnic or national origins is permissible where being of a particular race or ethnic or national origin is a trustworthy and determining occupational emergency , and it is proportionate to apply that requirement in a particular case . Discrimination on the grounds of colour and nationality is also permissible where being of a particular racial group is a genuine occupational qualification for the hypothesise . The circumstances in which this would apply are identified in the Race traffic ActEducationThe Race Relations Act applies to educational establishments in England , Wales and Scotland such as all schools and colleges maintained by local anesthetic education administration or education politics (in Scotland independent (fee paying ) schools and colleges , further education colleges , particular(a) schools , early years providers , universities , local education authorities and governors of schools and co! lleges and school boards (in Scotland . The Race Relations Act makes it illegal to come apart (including subjecting a psyche to harassment ) in admission handling as a pupil or student , and exception , as well as decisions by local education authorities and education authorities (in Scotland such as decisions on special educational needsHousingIt is improper for some(prenominal)one selling , letting or managing proportion (including business exposit ) to split in every of the next directionsin the terms on which a soul are offered the premisesby refusing to let a person buy the premisesby treating a person differently from others who want to buy or rentby refusing to transfer a take up to someoneby refusing access to any benefits or facilities at the premises orby evicting you or subjecting a person to other disadvantagesGoods , facilities , and servicesThe Race Relations Act applies to anyone providing goods , facilities or services to the public for example : hot els , shops , banks , insurance companies , fiscal services , cinemas , theatres , bars , restaurants pubs , places of entertainment or refreshment , shipping and travel services , and services provided by any local or public authorization and by any vocation or trade . It is illegal to be refused a service , or not to be given the analogous standard of service extended to othersPublic authoritiesThe Race Relations Act makes it unlawful for a public authority in carrying out any of its functions to do anything , which constitutes discrimination . The Race Relations Act defines a public authority very widely to include any system whose functions are of a public character and includes primal and local government , the police , licensing authorities , the Prisons returns and any body (even if it is private that carries out functions of a public nature .
It is also unlawful for a public authority to subject a person to harassment in the rail of carrying out any functions which consist of the provision of : any carcass of loving protective cover healthcare any other form of social egis or any form of social advantagePoliceThe police are a public authority as defined under the Race Relations Act , and it is unlawful for a public authority in carrying out any of its functions to do any discriminatory act . For example , it unlawful for any police officer to discriminate on racial grounds in carrying out any policing functions , such as conducting stop and searches , arresting and detaining suspects , assisting victims and controlling demonstrations Chief officers of police are also liable for all acts of discrimination by any officer und er their command , unless they can show that they have taken all reasonable steps to prevent the discriminationPlanningIt is unlawful for a think authority to discriminate against a person carrying out their mean functions . A supplying authority includes in England and Wales a county , county borough , or govern or London borough council , and in Scotland it means a planning authority or regional planning authorityUnlawful advertisementsThe Race Relations Act makes it unlawful to publish advertisements that discriminate on racial grounds , or to make arrangements for such advertisementsPressure or instructions to discriminateThe Race Relations Act makes it unlawful to induce or attempt to induce another person or cheek to discriminate on racial grounds . The pressure may amount to no more than opinion and need not necessarily involve a benefit or want . It also does not need to be applied immediately it is unlawful if it is applied in such a way that a person is likely to collect itThe following areas are outside the scope ! of the Race Relations ActAnything written , produced or broadcast by the media - the law of traduce applies only to unmarrieds , not to groups of peopleRacist attacks or harassment on the street or in your home these could be criminal offences and should be reported to the policeAre racial harassment , abuse , and violence cover ? Discrimination that occurs in other countries of the EU , unless for the purposes of the Race Relations Act the person is employed at an establishment in Great Britain however , umteen countries have their own laws against racial discrimination . The EU race directive required all EU countries to introduce laws outlawing racial discrimination by July 2003Discrimination on grounds of religion however , you may be protected by the Race Relations Act if the discrimination is also on the grounds of your national or ethnic origin . In addition , the Employment Equality (Religion or Belief ) Regulations 2003 subvert discrimination ground on religion or be lief in discordant circumstancesThe Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 (UK Parliament 2006 c . 1 creates an offence of inciting hatred against a person on the grounds of their religion . Under the Equality Act of 2006 , The focussing encourages and supports the development of a society in whichpeople s ability to turn over their potential is not limited by prejudice or discriminationthere is keep an eye on for and protection of each person s human rightsthere is respect for the dignity and worth of each individualeach individual has an equal hazard to participate in society , andthere is joint respect between groups based on understanding and valuing of diverseness and on share respect for equality and human rightsReferencesDuMont , J Miller , K , Myhr , T . L (2003 . The Role of Real Rape and Real VictimStereotypes in the Police Reporting Practices of sexually Assaulted Women . Violence Against Women , 9 (4 , 466-486Equality Act 2006Justice for Rape Victims (2006 . Rap e Crisis . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 fromHYPERLINK ! hypertext transfer protocol / entanglement .rapecrisis .org .uk /oldwhatsnew .html USA hypertext transfer protocol / nett .rapecrisis .org .uk /oldwhatsnew .html USARace Relations Act 1976Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2005Schaafsma , M (n .d . The Rape Advocacy Program . feminista ! 2 (6 Retrieved December 82006 from HYPERLINK http / entanglement .feminista .com /archives /v2n6 /schaafsma .html http /www .feminista .com /archives /v2n6 /schaafsma .htmlStewart , M .W , Dobbin , S . and Gatowski , S (1996 ) Real rapes and `real victims : the sharedreliance on common cultural definitions of rape , Feminist Legal Studies , 4 , 159UK crime worsened , says US report (2000 . BBC News , Wednesday , 28 June 2000 , 23 :32 GMT00 :32 UK . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 from HYPERLINK http /news .bbc .co .uk /1 /hi /uk /810522 .stm http /news .bbc .co .uk /1 /hi /uk /810522 .stmUK : New poll finds a third of people believe women who flirt partially trustworthy for beingraped (2005 . Amnesty internationalistic . Posted : 21 November 2005 Retrieved December 8 , 2006 from HYPERLINK http /www .amnesty .org .uk /news_details .asp ?NewsID 16618 http /www .amnesty .org .uk /news_details .asp ?NewsID 16618 ...If you want to get a equal essay, order it on our website:
OrderCustomPaper.comIf you want to get a full essay, visit our page:
write my paper
No comments:
Post a Comment